LaTex 下书写数学公式、表达式以及各种数学符号#
Table of Contents#
- 什么是 LaTex
 - 如何使用 Latex 写数学符号
 - 数学符号
 - Functions
 - 希腊字母
 - 向量
 - 集合
 - 逻辑
 - 微积分
 - 三角函数
 - 其他 * cases * 公式换行、对齐 * substack * matrix
 - 最后
 - Ref:
 
什么是 LaTex#
Latex 是一个用于书写以及排版的计算机语言。它在写数学符号和公式方面尤其方便。
如何使用 Latex 写数学符号#
在 Latex 中有三种方法来写数学符号:
- 
行内(inline)形式(符号以及公式夹杂在文本的中间,例如这样 \(E=mc^2\) )
 - 
独立的一行(equation)
\begin{equation} x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} \end{equation}
 - 
full-sized 行内表达式(通过 displaystyle) 为了得到这种形式的表达式需要使用 \displaystyle。 例如:
I want this $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n}$ ,not this $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n}, I want this \(\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n}\) ,not this \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n}\) 。 
数学符号#
下面是比较常用的一些:
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|
| addition | + | \(+\) | 
| subtraction | - | \(-\) | 
| plus or minus | \pm | \(\pm\) | 
| multiplication(times) | \times | \(\times\) | 
| multiplication(dot) | \cdot | \(cdot\) | 
| division symbol | \div | \(\div\) | 
| division(slash) | / | \(/\) | 
| simple text | \text{text} | \(\text{text}\) | 
| infinity | \infty | \(\infty\) | 
| dots | 1,2,3,\ldots | \(1,2,3,\ldots\) | 
| dots | 1+2+3+\cdots | \(1+2+3+\cdots\) | 
| fraction | \frac{a}{b} | \(\frac{a}{b}\) | 
| nth root | \sqrt[n]{x} | \(\sqrt[n]{x}\) | 
| square root | \sqrt{x} | \(\sqrt{x}\) | 
| exponentiation | a^b | \(a^b\) | 
| subscript | a_b | \(a_b\) | 
| natural log | \ln(x) | \(\ln(x)\) | 
| logarithms | \log_{a}b | \(\log_{a}b\) | 
| exp | \exp | \(\exp\) | 
| deg | \deg(f) | \(deg(f)\) | 
| arcmin | ^\prime | \(^\prime\) | 
| arcsec | ^{\prime\prime} | \(^{\prime\prime}\) | 
| circle plus | \oplus | \(\oplus\) | 
| circle times | \otimes | \(\otimes\) | 
| equal | = | \(=\) | 
| not equal | \ne | \(\ne\) | 
| less than | < | \(<\) | 
| less than or equal to | \le | \(\le\) | 
| greater than or equal to | \ge | \(\ge\) | 
| approximately equal to | \approx | \(\approx\) | 
Functions#
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|
| maps to | \to | \(\to\) | 
| composition | \circ | \(\circ\) | 
希腊字母#
| 命令 | 输出 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|---|
\alpha | \(\alpha\) | \tau | \(\tau\) | 
\beta | \(\beta\) | \theta | \(\theta\) | 
\chi | \(\chi\) | \upsilon | \(\upsilon\) | 
\delta | \(\delta\) | \xi | \(\xi\) | 
\epsilon | \(\epsilon\) | \zeta | \(\zeta\) | 
\varepsilon | \(\varepsilon\) | \Delta | \(\Delta\) | 
\eta | \(\eta\) | \Gamma | \(\Gamma\) | 
\gamma | \(\gamma\) | Lambda | \(\Lambda\) | 
\iota | \(\iota\) | \Omega | \(\Omega\) | 
\kappa | \(\kappa\) | \Phi | \(\Phi\) | 
lambda | \(\lambda\) | \Pi | \(\Pi\) | 
\mu | \(\mu\) | \Psi | \(\Psi\) | 
\nu | \(\nu\) | Sigma | \(\Sigma\) | 
\omega | \(\omega\) | \Theta | \(Theta\) | 
\phi | \(\phi\) | \Upsilon | \(\Upsilon\) | 
\varphi | \(\varphi\) | \Xi | \(\Xi\) | 
\pi | \(\pi\) | \aleph | \(\aleph\) | 
\psi | \(\psi\) | \beth | \(\beth\) | 
\rho | \(\rho\) | \daleth | \(\daleth\) | 
\sigma | \(\sigma\) | \gimel | \(\gimel\) | 
向量#
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|
| vector | \vec{v} | \(\vec{v}\) | 
| vector | \mathbf{v} | \(\mathbf{v}\) | 
集合#
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|
| set brackets | \{1,2,3\} | \(\{1,2,3\}\) | 
| element of | \in | \(\in\) | 
| subset of | \subset | \(\subset\) | 
| subset of | \subseteq | \(\subseteq\) | 
| contains | \supset | \(\supset\) | 
| contains | \supseteq | \(\supseteq\) | 
| union | \cup | \(\cup\) | 
| intersection | \cap | \(\cap\) | 
| big union | \bigcup_{n=1}^{10}A_n | \(\bigcup_{n=1}^{10}A_n\) | 
\bigcap_{n=1}^{10}A_n | \(\bigcap_{n=1}^{10}A_n\) | |
\emptyset | \(\emptyset\) | |
\mathcal{P} | \(\mathcal{P}\) | |
\min | \(\min\) | |
\max | \(\max\) | |
\sup | \(\sup\) | |
\inf | \(\inf\) | |
\limsup | \(\limsup\) | |
\liminf | \(\liminf\) | |
\overline{A} | \(\overline{A}\) | |
| Set of real numbers | \mathbb{R} | \(\mathbb{R}\) | 
逻辑#
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|
| not | \sim | \(\sim\) | 
| and | \land | \(\land\) | 
| or | \lor | \(\lor\) | 
| if..then | \to | \(\to\) | 
| if and only if | \leftrightarrow | \(\leftrightarrow\) | 
| logical eq | \equiv | \(\equiv\) | 
| therefore | ∴ | \(\therefore\) | 
| there exists | \exists | \(\exists\) | 
| for all | \forall | \(\forall\) | 
| implies | \Rightarrow | \(\Rightarrow\) | 
| equivalent | \Leftrightarrow | \(\Leftrightarrow\) | 
微积分#
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|
| derivative | \frac{df}{dx} | \(\frac{df}{dx}\) | 
| derivative | f' | \(f’\) | 
| partial derivative | \frac{\partial f} {\partial x} | \(\frac{\partial f} {\partial x}\) | 
| limits | \lim_{x\to \infty} | \(\lim_{x\to \infty}\) | 
| sum | \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n | \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n\) | 
| product | \prod_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n | \(\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n\) | 
| integral | \int | \(\int\) | 
\iint | \(\iint\) | |
\iiint | \(\iiint\) | 
三角函数#
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|
\angle ABC | \(\angle ABC\) | |
90^{\circ} | \(90^{\circ}\) | |
\triangle ABC | \(\triangle ABC\) | |
\overline{AB} | \(\overline{AB}\) | |
\sin | \(\sin\) | |
\cos | \(\cos\) | |
\tan | \(\tan\) | |
\cot | \(\cot\) | |
\sec | \(\sec\) | |
\csc | \(\csc\) | |
\arcsin | \(\arcsin\) | |
\arccos | \(\arccos\) | |
\arctan | \(\arctan\) | 
其他#
| 描述 | 命令 | 输出 | 
|---|---|---|
| underbrace | \underbrace{}_{} | \(\underbrace{}_i\) | 
| boxed | \boxed | \(\boxed{\frac {a} {b}}\) | 
| hat | \hat{} | \(\hat{\theta}\) | 
\widehat{d e f} | \(\widehat{d e f}\) | |
| overbrace | \overbrace{}^{} | \(\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}\) | 
\binom{n}{k} | \(\binom{n}{k}\) | |
op\stackrel{a}{\longrightarrow}op | \(op\stackrel{a}{\longrightarrow}op\) | 
\binom{n}{k} \end{equation}
cases#
写法:
\begin{equation} F= \begin{cases} a & {b=0}\\ c & {d=1} \end{cases} \end{equation}
效果:
\begin{equation} F= \begin{cases} a & {b=0}\\ c & {d=1} \end{cases} \end{equation}
或者这种写法:
f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}
公式换行、对齐#
写法:
\begin{align} F &= a + b \\&=c+d \\&=e+f \end{align}
效果:
\begin{align} F &= a + b \\&=c+d \\&=e+f \end{align}
关键是 align, & 用于对齐, \\用于换行
substack#
\begin{equation} \sum_{\substack{-m \le j \le +m \\ j \ne 0}} \end{equation}
使限制条件处于并列的两行:
\begin{equation} \sum_{\substack{-m \le j \le +m \\ j \ne 0}} \end{equation}
matrix#
\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}
\begin{equation} \begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix} \end{equation}
\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}
\begin{equation} \begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix} \end{equation}
\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}
\begin{equation} \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix} \end{equation}
最后#
如果是写一些笔记或者论文中有大量数学符号,我推荐使用 Org mode 来写, 真的非常非常方便,如果你体验过一次就会知道。对很多人来说,这个其实门槛有点高了,因为你必须要对 Emacs 有所熟悉才行。 Org mode 下原生支持的符号可参考:Symbols in Org-mode ↗ 。